A History of Modern Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

A History of Modern Psychology - Essay ExampleFollowing the division 1870, college students in the United States increasingly became responsive to the innovative psychology a professor at Harvard University, William James, initiated theories of intellect and displayed pragmatic results with a set of brass devices, taken from laboratories of physical science and physiology. Wundt, who is considered to be the originator of contemporary psychology (Schultz, 2011), wrote extensively on psychology as an autonomous educational field and, during the year 1879, founded the earliest psychological laboratory. Sigmund Freud actual his individual structure of psychology as well as psychiatric therapy, which he named as psychoanalysis. His structure was extended by means of an apprentice proficiency of training analysis (Schultz, 2011) earlier than the psychoanalyst started a private practice. Psychoanalysis within America turns out to be linked with the medicinal line of work, expanding sepa rately from educational psychology. Early Western philosophy is identified largely by the three great thinkers Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. They set the groundwork for Western philosophy by probe and describing the range, scope, method, terminology, and problematic of psychological investigation (Goodwin, 2008). In the 19th century, the issue of the relationship of mind to brain turns out to be ever more critical. In fact, the tinge was so profound that it is compound to discover a methodical text printed after 1860 that does not have a dialogue about this concern. Largely, this directly revealed dickens key advancements that united to make an impact on philosophers as well as psychologists with the centrality of the mind/brain problem. The first of these deals with improvement in rationality the localization of intellectual job, founded on the opinion that the brain serves as the part of mind. The second deals with a rising awareness with the opinion that mental occurrences - such as faiths, intellectual ideas, captivating trance states, and intuitive upsets - occasionally result in drastic modifications in the condition of the body. This alteration took place as advancement was make in knowing the nature of functional nervous disorders. During the year 1870, Shadworth Hodgson provided the earliest contemporary expression of a vision that he named as epiphenomenalism (Benjamin, 2006). Descartes had envisioned the thought that animals were entirely physical automata devoid of mental states, a notion that carries with it the implication that a completely self-sufficient neural mechanism can produce complicated and apparently intelligent acts (Benjamin, 2006). Later this vision was broadened to include human beings, but moderated so that just the underlying usefulness and not the real existence of psychological conditions were rejected. In addition, dominant in the rising discipline of psychology, were discussions surrounding the usefulness of Mesmerism in addition to the importance of phrenology. The earlier one was extended during the year 1770 by Anton Mesmer, who declared to apply the control of gravity to heal a number of physical as well as psycho

The English commonwealth and its effect on Caribbean Nations Essay

The English commonwealth and its effect on Caribbean Nations - Essay ExampleBakker-Mitchell, noted educator at Florida A & M, discusses education as it existed in the Colonial era and urges more attention to foreign language teaching and learning in a growing global community. She notes that in the mid-sixties most of the countries in the English speaking Caribbean received their independence. Before this time, education in the Caribbean was geared for life in Britain. Textbooks were of British origin and students were familiar with the regeneration table that indicated how many cents equalled maven shilling--the pounds, shillings and pence table--even though dollars and cents were used in the country and very little in school readers related to the lives of persons in the Caribbean.Bakker-Mitchell is from what was British Guiana, direct Guyana, which is a member of the British nation. This article is valuable as a contrast between the years of British observe and the current ind ependent rule in most Caribbean countries, with its present stress on language as part of Caribbean, not British, culture. Bakker-Mitchell considers it extremely important for students in English speaking Caribbean to bewilder fluent in the languages of their neighboring countries and is concerned that this is not a priority. In the development of the Caribbean, she considers education a major priority.Cateau H. and Pemberton, R. Beyond Tradition Reinterpreting the Caribbean Historical bang (Essays). Jamaica Ian Randle Publishers, 2006. Cateau and Pemberton selected a group of essays intended to re-interpret Caribbean history from the 18th through the 20th centuries, replacing the objective fool with a subjective view of the region. One essay, Nineteenth-Twentieth Century Trinidad and Tobago, will be useful as a comparison between Jamaica and Trinidad. The overall focus of the book on Caribbean identity and people gives a more realistic view of the area, moving away from the suga r plantation. Another essay looks at the role of Britain as a key trade center from the 18th to the 19th centuries, not just in the Caribbean, but throughout the whole English Atlantic. Cateau and Pemberton are lecturers at the University of West Indies, with Cateau specializing in economic history, while Pembertons specialty is health and environment history. Federal Research Division. 1987. Commonwealth of Caribbean Islands. Library of Congress. Online. Available 11 June 2006. A paper on the effects of the British Commonwealth on the development and under-development of the communicatory Caribbean requires studying the specific areas and comparing them to determine what changes must be made to encourage growth. The Library of Congress Country Studies series gives a detailed, online, chapter-by-chapter overview of the Commonwealth of the Caribbean, with Chapter 2 covering Jamaica and Chapter 3 covering Trinidad and Tobago, two very contrasting areas. Jamaica is dependent on agric ulture and tourism, while Trinidad is important as an oil-supplier. Other countries included in this topic are the Windward Islands and Barbados, the Leeward Islands and the Northern Islands. As a foundation, this source is recommended.History of Jamaica. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Online. Available Last modified 9 June 2006. 11 June 2006. Wikipedia is an online encyclopedia with researched articles that can be edited. Even so, the information in these articles is for the most part verifiable and easy to read with links to various related subjects. Since Jamaica is one of the most visible countries in the English speaking Caribbean, it has importance in a study of culture, economy and politics. Although it would be easy to see what is called the English Commonwealth as a single

Any topics is fine, as long as connected to microeconomic theories Term Paper

Any topics is fine, as long as connected to microeconomic theories - Term Paper ExampleTherefore, drawing on a variety of sources the paper will discuss how a decrease in price caused by an increase in the number of supplier shifts the supply wind up to the right based on an article on oil prices reduction. communicate is the amount of goods manufacturers or suppliers are willing to sell at a original price (Colander, 2008). The law of supply says that the higher the price of a product, the more the quantity suppliers or firms will be willing to produce and sell (Hall & Lieberman, 2012). Supply is usually plotted as a supply curve demonstrating the link between price and the amount of products producers are ready to bring to the food market and sell. As a result, it slopes from left to right.There are various factors that affect supply, First is the technology used to produce the good. If a firm uses advanced technologies to produce the product, more products will be manufactured increasing supply. Secondly is the price of the product. There is a proportional relationship between price and supply. If the price of a trade good increases, it will result in a proportionate increase in the quantities supplied. Third is the number of firms. When the number of manufacturers increases, there are more suppliers in the market leading to a drop in the price of the commodities supplied. Next is the price of alternative goods (Varian, 2009). When the price of an alternative good rises, the manufacturers find it profitable increasing production. twenty percent are the future expectations of the producers. When the producers are looking forward to an increase in price in the future, they can increase their production so as to crystallise more profits in the future (Perloff, 2007). Consequently, the supply increases. Sixth is the price of inputs also affect supply. Goodwin, Nelson, Ackerman, and Weissskopf (2009) observe that an increase in the price of land, labor, an d raw materials

The Ancient Americas Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Ancient Americas - Essay ExampleIn addition, it is well highlighted that the ancient Americas mint had a wide range of backgrounds, values, attributes, and physical features as any other people of all cultures would have.After viewing scientific video in the field museum, we find that ancient Americas lived during the ice age. The environment of the ice age was harsh because most part of the earth was covered with spruce woodlands lakes, glacier, marshes, sea levels were lower, and temperatures were cooler. Indigenous people solved the problem of survival by becoming hunters and gatherers because no crops would have grown on the glacier. In addition, it was clear from the video that they crafted finely Clovis and fishtail stone tools that were exceedingly vital in hunting and gathering.From the interactive food wall, we learned how creative and forward-looking indigenous people were as the climate and environment changed drastically, and many an(prenominal) animals became no nexistent. Their innovative abilities were extremely critical when they were faced with food shortage because it resulted to inventing remarkable types of food. Invention of new food like domestication of maize and improving fishing among many other invention resulted to improvement in their diet and solving food shortage.In the field museum, the southwestern pottery illustrated characteristic of powerful leaders and characteristics of people of different societies. The wide range of ceramic of the southwestern offers a unique look at the societies spiritual, political, and daily lives of the indigenous people. In addition, the monuments were made for the leaders to take hold a meeting point for his followers, therefore, making them famous to their people. The pottery the indigenous people made are the ones that have been improved continuously to come up with the pottery we are making today. These shows that the potteries we make today have evolved from the potteries that were made by the

Court report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Court report - Essay ExampleThe court tries and decides appeals from lower courts on matters of public concern to settle legal contentions and uncertainties surrounding the questions corresponded before the bench. This report aims at exploring the Acts applicable the trial of an accused depending on the crime committed. It outlines the activities regarding the relationship among the persons present in the courtroom during trial. It further explores the rights of the accused before conviction.During a court process, members of the public follow court proceedings from a public gallery to witness the legal process open and transparent. Before accessing the gallery, those in attendance undergo rigorous security checks to ensure safety during the court process. Upon arrival in the courtroom, I accessed a list of cases being tried on that particular day. The trial involved a suspect charges on two accounts. On the first account, the defendant was facing charges of the possession of marij uana. On the second account was the intent of peddling and supply of the same. Under the UK drug act, possession and peddling of the drugs face penalties depending on the sorting of the drug in question. Illegal drugs are categorized into incompatible classes hard drugs like cocaine and heroin are under class A and soak up severe penalties. Marijuana and anabolic steroids are categorized under class B and attract lesser penalties compared to class A (UK Government, 2015). The drugs policy also stipulates different penalties for the intended use of the drugs. If an accused is arrested with large amounts of drugs and cash at the same time, he is charged for drug trafficking and distribution. That is a serious felony and can attract a life imprisonment sentence depending on the classification of the drug. The punishment also depends on factors such as geographical distribution of the substance. Considerations are applicable to formation whether minors were involved in trafficking

Purpose and Mission Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Purpose and Mission - Dissertation ExampleThe mission of the proposal is to gain an in-depth understanding and visibility of the trade concepts. The mission is accomplished and is reflected in the documentation of the report. It does it through three main parts the first part of the paper includes the product, its equipments and its features evaluate the target group qualified for this business. The external factors influencing the success of the travel agency. The ways of segmentations, such as demographics, geographic, psychographics and behaviors were applied in order to define the target group. The second part designs a trade research study and establishes possible demand and consumer needs for the proposed travel agency. This includes the type of data to be collected, the target population, sample size and method of data charm (quantitative, qualitative). The third part evaluates how the demand patterns for promotional mix(advertising, direct sales promotion) the scheduling and the budget involved in opening the venture and also recommendations were given how those variations gage be managed effectively. Finally the report makes short conclusion, by highlighting the scope and limitations of a travel agency in such a place.

The Federalist Papers, James Madison Essay Example for Free

The Federalist text file, James capital of Wisconsin EssayIn the Federalist Papers, James Madison and other(a)s step to the foreline their logic both in favor of and against ratification of the Constitution. One of the largest parts of these arguments was the discussion of separation of powers and functions. James Madison outlined one line of acidify inherent in having a multi- sleeveed governmentnamely the idea of invasion.He viewed this as a job with several sources and proposed several solutions. The Constitution redresses the caper of invasion in several ways. He also feels that in the views of today, we mustiness evaluate if Madison was correct in perceiving encroachment as a problem. We must also evaluate if Madisons source was correct. Madison also felt that the new Constitution did non violate a basic political maxim of having the political departments separate and distinct.First of all, we must localise what Madison means by encroachment. In Federalist 47, Madison uses the British governments constitution as a basis for his definition. At its core, encroachment is where individually branch of government encroaches upon the powers and duties of the other branches of government.Under the British system, he says, the executive magistrate forms an integral part of the legislative authority. He alone has the perogative of making treaties with foreign sovereigns, which, when made, have, chthonic certain limitations, the force of legislative acts (Madison, 1788). Additionally, all the members of the judiciary department argon appointed by him, can be removed by him on the dispense of the two Houses of Parliament, and form, when he pleases to consult them, one of his perfect councils (Madison, 1788).Also in Federalist 47, Madison identifies the sources of encroachment. To whit, the sources of encroachment atomic number 18 the very states themselves. He gives several examples, but points out that in each case, there is an eye to the dange r of improperly bl supplanting the different departments (Madison, 1788). Complete distinction of the various branches, while an ideal goal to point to, was nearly impossible to gain simply because the nature of governance made each branch dependent upon each other.Madison viewed this as a problem because he felt that the nature of a free government will admit or as is consistent with that chain of connection that binds the whole cloth of the constitution in one dissoluble bond of unity and amity (Madison, 1788). In other words, natural laws are made and executed by the same body, authoritarianism will al nearly certainly result. Additionally, he felt that the governing bodies would misunderstand that pre-established limits and would not work within them, thus expanding their powers when making decisions and goalionally or not encroaching upon the different branches of government.Madison proposed several things that would help control encroachment. One of the proposals was adopt ed at the Constitutional Convention. That is, to have a lack of a transmissible monarch. This would help usurp tyranny because placing limitations on the length and extent of the executives power and tenure would also control encroachment.Of all the departments, Madison was most fearful of the legislative. Its far-reaching powers would lead most definitely to encroachment. Additionally, he said that the assembly would seek to indulge all their jealousy and exhaust all their precautions (Madison 1788). In other words, the assembly would be more prone to encroachment because it had power over who would fill the positions in other departmentsfrom cabinet positions to judgeships, the legislature encroaches on nearly every(prenominal) aspect of every department.The next solution Madison proposed was the appealing to the people through a convention. This concept was brought forth in Federalist 49. His idea was to call a convention whenever two of the three branches shall concur in opini on, each by the voices of two-thirds of their whole number (Madison, 1788).This convention would be a convention necessary for reparation the Constitution or correcting breaches of it (Madison, 1788). Madison thought this was the ultimate solution in correcting encroachments into each of the different departments. He states quite forcefully in Federalist 50 that oscillatory appeals are the proper and adequate means of PREVENTING AND CORRECTING INFRACTIONS OF THE CONSTITUTION (Madison, 1788).Finally, Madison proposed giving each department a constitutional means to resist encroachment. This would definitely end the encroachment problem as Madison saw it, because each department would be armed to deal with any encroachments. He saw the largest chance of encroachment to come from the legislative branch and to keep it from becoming too powerful, he proposed dividing the legislature into branches with a different election schedule and different functions, and therefore they are as lit tle connected as possible (Madison, 1788).The Constitution redresses the idea of encroachment very easily. It simply divides the three branches of government and assigns certain powers to each. For example, the legislative branch does exactly that, legislates, but in drift to completely do its job, it requires the executive branch to sign the bills into laws and provide a budget. The other check on legislative power is the judicial branch. The judicial branch lay downs sure that the legislative branch does not overstep its authority by passing laws detrimental to the American people.We must evaluate in our twenty first century vision if Madison did indeed get this problem right. Is encroachment as big a problem as Madison thought, or is it simply a necessary evil? Is encroachment as it exists, and its sources as Madison saw them, correct? Do his solutions work in a twenty first century context or do they simply stonewall an already slow and arduous process? These are the questions that we need to answer in order to apply Madisons ideas to our modern governance.Encroachment as Madison saw it is a problem, but a necessary evil. Because of our delicate democracy, we must have approximately level of encroachment among the departments. The whole concept of checks and balances revolves around the idea that each department must needfully encroach upon the power of another to keep it from moving outside its constitutional powers. The sources as Madison saw them were indeed correct. The traditions created by the writers of the state constitutions created the problem of encroachment. Since the problem was so entrenched, divorcing encroachment in the states from encroachment in the federal government is nearly impossible.Tradition is a very hard thing to get exempt of, and Madison was right to see it, but wrong to try to eliminate it from the federal mlange. Madisons solutions are somewhat beneficial, as some are already in place, but others would be too difficult to implement and would stonewall an already slow and arduous process. The limitation of the extent and duration keeps the executive from becoming too powerful. The legislature already limits encroachment due to its expansive lawmaking abilities and duties.How did Madison not feel the new Constitution not violate that political maxim of not blending the three branches of government? The answer is that they did not blend. each(prenominal) department is separate and distinct, with its own set of duties and responsibilities, provided each is dependent on the others so each does not gain too much power.Madison also feels that there are means and personal motives (1788) that will help maintain the separation of powers as defined in the Constitution. By this, Madison means that the people that run the department should have constitutional means at their disposal in order to be able to resist the encroachments of the other branches. He feels that human nature is such that people would make a grab for power, and such means should be in place to control the abuses of government (Madison, 1788). Constitutional re austereions would keep such grabs from happening, and control the machinations of people intent on tyranny.The Jeffersonian strict separation of powers would not work in a flexible and dynamic government. It would be a recipe for tyranny. By having strict separation of powers, there would be no checks on the powers of each branch, and each branch would be allowed to become almost as powerful as it wanted.The legislative branch could push through legislation of its choosing with no regards for the power of the presidency and the judicial. The judicial could kill any legislation it did not like and pass law from the bench, and the presidency could overrun the other two branches. This would set up a situation of tyranny that would never be able to be rectified. However, Madison (1788) tells us that in republican government, the legislative authority necessarily pr edominates. His solution was to divide the legislature into parts, thus emasculating it to keep it from overrunning the other two branches.Madison got the idea of encroachment right. From his perspective, encroachment was a problem with easy solutions. Even though it was entrenched in our society from colonial days, the establishment of the three branches of government along with assign powers assured that there would be no encroachment of one branch onto another. Some of his solutions were easy, while others were more difficult. Madison would be proud of what has been accomplished and would be a welcomed visitor in our time. He would be a sage advisor and would be able to give us insight into how our constitution was intentional to work and would give us direction on where to go next. We need to continue to look at his words for insight and input in order to make our Constitution a more living, breathing document.Works CitedMadison, James. Method of Guarding Against the Encroachm ents of Any One Department of Government by Appealing to the People through and through a Convention. The Federalist Papers No. 49, 01 Feb 1788 6 Mar 2009 http//wwwfounding fathers.info/federalistpapers.Madison, James. The Particular Structure of the New Government and The Distribution of Power Among Its Different Parts. The Federalist Papers No. 47, 01 Feb 1788 6 Mar 2009 http//wwwfoundingfathers.info/federalistpapers.Madison, James. Periodical Appeals to the People Considered. The Federalist Papers No. 50, 05 Feb 1788 6 Mar 2009 http//wwwfoundingfathers.info/federalistpapers.Madison, James. The Structure of the Government Must Furnish the Proper Checks and Balances Between the Different Departments. The Federalist Papers No. 51 08, Feb 1788 6 Mar 2009 http//wwwfoundingfathers.info/federalistpapers.Madison, James. These Departments Should Not Be So Far Separated as to Have Constitutional Control Over Each Other. The Federalist Papers No. 48, 05 Feb 1788 6 Mar 2009 http//ww wfoundingfathers.info/federalistpapers.