The Federalist Papers, James Madison Essay Example for Free

The Federalist text file, James capital of Wisconsin EssayIn the Federalist Papers, James Madison and other(a)s step to the foreline their logic both in favor of and against ratification of the Constitution. One of the largest parts of these arguments was the discussion of separation of powers and functions. James Madison outlined one line of acidify inherent in having a multi- sleeveed governmentnamely the idea of invasion.He viewed this as a job with several sources and proposed several solutions. The Constitution redresses the caper of invasion in several ways. He also feels that in the views of today, we mustiness evaluate if Madison was correct in perceiving encroachment as a problem. We must also evaluate if Madisons source was correct. Madison also felt that the new Constitution did non violate a basic political maxim of having the political departments separate and distinct.First of all, we must localise what Madison means by encroachment. In Federalist 47, Madison uses the British governments constitution as a basis for his definition. At its core, encroachment is where individually branch of government encroaches upon the powers and duties of the other branches of government.Under the British system, he says, the executive magistrate forms an integral part of the legislative authority. He alone has the perogative of making treaties with foreign sovereigns, which, when made, have, chthonic certain limitations, the force of legislative acts (Madison, 1788). Additionally, all the members of the judiciary department argon appointed by him, can be removed by him on the dispense of the two Houses of Parliament, and form, when he pleases to consult them, one of his perfect councils (Madison, 1788).Also in Federalist 47, Madison identifies the sources of encroachment. To whit, the sources of encroachment atomic number 18 the very states themselves. He gives several examples, but points out that in each case, there is an eye to the dange r of improperly bl supplanting the different departments (Madison, 1788). Complete distinction of the various branches, while an ideal goal to point to, was nearly impossible to gain simply because the nature of governance made each branch dependent upon each other.Madison viewed this as a problem because he felt that the nature of a free government will admit or as is consistent with that chain of connection that binds the whole cloth of the constitution in one dissoluble bond of unity and amity (Madison, 1788). In other words, natural laws are made and executed by the same body, authoritarianism will al nearly certainly result. Additionally, he felt that the governing bodies would misunderstand that pre-established limits and would not work within them, thus expanding their powers when making decisions and goalionally or not encroaching upon the different branches of government.Madison proposed several things that would help control encroachment. One of the proposals was adopt ed at the Constitutional Convention. That is, to have a lack of a transmissible monarch. This would help usurp tyranny because placing limitations on the length and extent of the executives power and tenure would also control encroachment.Of all the departments, Madison was most fearful of the legislative. Its far-reaching powers would lead most definitely to encroachment. Additionally, he said that the assembly would seek to indulge all their jealousy and exhaust all their precautions (Madison 1788). In other words, the assembly would be more prone to encroachment because it had power over who would fill the positions in other departmentsfrom cabinet positions to judgeships, the legislature encroaches on nearly every(prenominal) aspect of every department.The next solution Madison proposed was the appealing to the people through a convention. This concept was brought forth in Federalist 49. His idea was to call a convention whenever two of the three branches shall concur in opini on, each by the voices of two-thirds of their whole number (Madison, 1788).This convention would be a convention necessary for reparation the Constitution or correcting breaches of it (Madison, 1788). Madison thought this was the ultimate solution in correcting encroachments into each of the different departments. He states quite forcefully in Federalist 50 that oscillatory appeals are the proper and adequate means of PREVENTING AND CORRECTING INFRACTIONS OF THE CONSTITUTION (Madison, 1788).Finally, Madison proposed giving each department a constitutional means to resist encroachment. This would definitely end the encroachment problem as Madison saw it, because each department would be armed to deal with any encroachments. He saw the largest chance of encroachment to come from the legislative branch and to keep it from becoming too powerful, he proposed dividing the legislature into branches with a different election schedule and different functions, and therefore they are as lit tle connected as possible (Madison, 1788).The Constitution redresses the idea of encroachment very easily. It simply divides the three branches of government and assigns certain powers to each. For example, the legislative branch does exactly that, legislates, but in drift to completely do its job, it requires the executive branch to sign the bills into laws and provide a budget. The other check on legislative power is the judicial branch. The judicial branch lay downs sure that the legislative branch does not overstep its authority by passing laws detrimental to the American people.We must evaluate in our twenty first century vision if Madison did indeed get this problem right. Is encroachment as big a problem as Madison thought, or is it simply a necessary evil? Is encroachment as it exists, and its sources as Madison saw them, correct? Do his solutions work in a twenty first century context or do they simply stonewall an already slow and arduous process? These are the questions that we need to answer in order to apply Madisons ideas to our modern governance.Encroachment as Madison saw it is a problem, but a necessary evil. Because of our delicate democracy, we must have approximately level of encroachment among the departments. The whole concept of checks and balances revolves around the idea that each department must needfully encroach upon the power of another to keep it from moving outside its constitutional powers. The sources as Madison saw them were indeed correct. The traditions created by the writers of the state constitutions created the problem of encroachment. Since the problem was so entrenched, divorcing encroachment in the states from encroachment in the federal government is nearly impossible.Tradition is a very hard thing to get exempt of, and Madison was right to see it, but wrong to try to eliminate it from the federal mlange. Madisons solutions are somewhat beneficial, as some are already in place, but others would be too difficult to implement and would stonewall an already slow and arduous process. The limitation of the extent and duration keeps the executive from becoming too powerful. The legislature already limits encroachment due to its expansive lawmaking abilities and duties.How did Madison not feel the new Constitution not violate that political maxim of not blending the three branches of government? The answer is that they did not blend. each(prenominal) department is separate and distinct, with its own set of duties and responsibilities, provided each is dependent on the others so each does not gain too much power.Madison also feels that there are means and personal motives (1788) that will help maintain the separation of powers as defined in the Constitution. By this, Madison means that the people that run the department should have constitutional means at their disposal in order to be able to resist the encroachments of the other branches. He feels that human nature is such that people would make a grab for power, and such means should be in place to control the abuses of government (Madison, 1788). Constitutional re austereions would keep such grabs from happening, and control the machinations of people intent on tyranny.The Jeffersonian strict separation of powers would not work in a flexible and dynamic government. It would be a recipe for tyranny. By having strict separation of powers, there would be no checks on the powers of each branch, and each branch would be allowed to become almost as powerful as it wanted.The legislative branch could push through legislation of its choosing with no regards for the power of the presidency and the judicial. The judicial could kill any legislation it did not like and pass law from the bench, and the presidency could overrun the other two branches. This would set up a situation of tyranny that would never be able to be rectified. However, Madison (1788) tells us that in republican government, the legislative authority necessarily pr edominates. His solution was to divide the legislature into parts, thus emasculating it to keep it from overrunning the other two branches.Madison got the idea of encroachment right. From his perspective, encroachment was a problem with easy solutions. Even though it was entrenched in our society from colonial days, the establishment of the three branches of government along with assign powers assured that there would be no encroachment of one branch onto another. Some of his solutions were easy, while others were more difficult. Madison would be proud of what has been accomplished and would be a welcomed visitor in our time. He would be a sage advisor and would be able to give us insight into how our constitution was intentional to work and would give us direction on where to go next. We need to continue to look at his words for insight and input in order to make our Constitution a more living, breathing document.Works CitedMadison, James. Method of Guarding Against the Encroachm ents of Any One Department of Government by Appealing to the People through and through a Convention. The Federalist Papers No. 49, 01 Feb 1788 6 Mar 2009 http//wwwfounding fathers.info/federalistpapers.Madison, James. The Particular Structure of the New Government and The Distribution of Power Among Its Different Parts. The Federalist Papers No. 47, 01 Feb 1788 6 Mar 2009 http//wwwfoundingfathers.info/federalistpapers.Madison, James. Periodical Appeals to the People Considered. The Federalist Papers No. 50, 05 Feb 1788 6 Mar 2009 http//wwwfoundingfathers.info/federalistpapers.Madison, James. The Structure of the Government Must Furnish the Proper Checks and Balances Between the Different Departments. The Federalist Papers No. 51 08, Feb 1788 6 Mar 2009 http//wwwfoundingfathers.info/federalistpapers.Madison, James. These Departments Should Not Be So Far Separated as to Have Constitutional Control Over Each Other. The Federalist Papers No. 48, 05 Feb 1788 6 Mar 2009 http//ww wfoundingfathers.info/federalistpapers.

Patent Nonuse and the Role of Public Interest as a Deterrent to Technology Suppression Essay Example for Free

patent Nonuse and the Role of Public Interest as a Deterrent to Technology Suppression see visibles are contracts amid the society and the inventor to encourage development in the field of science and technology. It helps the society by enabling them to utilize this technology, and the inventor by protecting his powerfuls and rewarding him appropriately for this intellectual efforts and innovations. Once a perceptible is granted by the patent office, the inventor has to work the pattern by himself or through somebody else by means of an assignment or a licence. The patent office does non look at the potential commercial take account of the invention whilst giving the patent. The invention should have a specific use and should fulfill what it is meant to do. Many inventions given patents have turned to be commercial failures. However, on that point are several good examples in which neither the patentee has worked the invention by himself, nor has he allowed others in terested to do so. This is a very serious land site, because it goes against the very intention of granting the patent. The patent system grants patents only to those inventors who are willing to reveal their invention with others, so that it can benefit society.Some patentees may non work their invention cod to several reasons, one of which may be to wrongfully hide or suppress technology from the cosmos. One of the first much(prenominal) lawsuits was the Continental Paper cup of tea Co. v. Eastern Paper Bag Co. character reference of 1908. In this theatrical role, the patentee had invented a machine that could make a folded paper bag with a rectangular bottom. However, he had non made his invention procurable to the public, thus preventing others from working the invention. At that time, this invention was a breakthrough, and many people matte bad, because the very intention of giving a patent was non fulfilled.No concrete rules regarding nonuse of patents and compu lsory licenses were existent at that time, and everything was left at the mercy of the patent holder. Lower courts also found that the patentee was reasonless. They in fact tried to draw a line between reasonable nonuse policy (inventor unable to use his invention because or some understandable problems) and unreasonable nonuse policy (purposefully suppressing technology). However, as no concrete rules existed at that time, the higher court had to give its decision in favor of the rightful owner of the invention.Many breakthrough technologies exist which are being currently suppressed from the public. A plastic that is strong, long-lasting, and can be utilized to make houses that last forever, was granted patents, but not accessible to the public by the owner. New rubber for tires is invented which does not blow up. If this technology could be utilized currently, the lives of many people who die in driveway accidents could be saved. A new material has been invented for use in toot hpastes, which protects the teeth from developing cavities. These technologies are being suppressed due to the anticompetitive intentions of their owners.Some patentees may not use or license their technology so that others may be forced to infringe up on their patents. Lawsuits for infringements could be filed, which could give them earning in millions. An instance of this is a case between Minolta and Honeywells, in which Minolta had to pay $127 million to Honeywell for infringing their auto-focus camera patent, although the owners were not using their patent. The patent office should come up with strict rules such that all the patentees have to give an annual report of how their patent is being worked commercially, and in case it is not being worked, the reasons for the same.In case the inventor does not respond, the patent should be revoked. Instances of patent nonuse can be used as evidence in the court, against individuals who indulge in anticompetitive practices. Such practi ces are strictly considered illegal under the US Antitrust Laws. The Sherman Act was one of the first such as to protect against unfair trade practices. According to this act, any individual monopolizing or attempting to monopolize, or combines with other people or with other nations to monopolize any trade business in the US, shall be held guilty of an offense under the act.Patent is a monopoly granted to the owner, but they are also contracts between the owner and the public, to permit the later to access the technology. Patent laws are likely to be clapperclawd. The exclusionary right (to prevent others from using or making the invention without the license of the owner) is restoreed and should be more meaningful. The patent system does not give absolute monopoly to the owners. In the case Pfizer V. Government of India 434 US 308 (1978), the US permitted foreign nations to sue under the Section 4 of the Clayton Act.The Government of India was asking Pfizer to grant licenses fo r certain broad spectrum antibiotics. However, the confederacy refused to give reasonable licenses. Several antitrust violations such as price-fixing, fraud, market-division, etc were being imposed by the Indian Government against Pfizer and group. The respondents also said that petitioners were trying to limit and monopolize the production, sale and distribution of their patents. The respondents also said that these practices had demolished businesses. The Company said that the Indian Government could not bring this case forward, as they belonged to other nation.However, the court went on to say that foreign nations could also claim under antitrust laws. The court said that the case was similar to having a citizen having his rights under the antitrust laws being violated. In the case Remington Products V. North American Philips corporation 107 FRD 642, 1985, Remington alleged that the company Philips, a leading Dutch MNC, was indulging in anticompetitive behavior by not disclosi ng information involve to work the discovery. The defendant claimed that certain clauses in a Dutch statue did not permit disclosure.However, the US court granted the case in favor of Remington saying that the defendant wrongfully withheld information regarding the discovery. The plaintiff had previously approached the defendant to offer up information regarding the discovery. However, the defendant refused to give this information needed saying that the information was irrelevant. In the Chevron Research Companys patent 1970 RPC, 580, the court said that the patentee has to disclose full and relevant information regarding the patent. In the Image Technical Services V. Eastman Kodak Co. 504 U. S. 51 (1992) provides an association between the antitrust laws and the intellectual property rights regime.Kodak Company had a patent for a photographic device. The case was alleged by companies that serviced Kodaks products. In this case, a distinction is being made between attempting mono polization and attaining monopolizing by exploiting. The court had to study the market placement to determine if the company was trying to control prices or exterminate competition. Kodak in fact monopolized manufacture of components of its photographic equipment and even monopolized servicing of its equipment.The court had said that twain patents and copyrights did not come under antitrust laws. An inventor had the right to license or refuse license of his invention. However, a patent owner may be held for developing practices against the antitrust laws (that could destroy competition). The extent to which antitrust laws could be applied to patent laws had to be determined by studying the market situation. The plaintiffs had ga at that placed tolerable proof that Kodak were trying to monopolize their market situation by limiting the availability of its components to the service companiesNowadays, exclusive license holders may also try to misuse their rights by monopolizing thei r licensed to make or use the patent. This can be demonstrated in the Medtronic Sofamor Danek, Inc. v. Michelson case. Dr. Michelson had invented a new spinal treatment device and had given a license to Medtronic which manufactured medical equipment. However, the company did not promote his treatment device, and hence the doctor had to grant licenses to other companies that would compete with the original license holder.The company filed a case in the court claiming that the patent holder breached clauses of the contract. However, the Court felt that the company had adopted certain anticompetitive principles that did not promote the patent. Patent holders are trying to maximize their monopoly, by indulging in anticompetitive acts. Often there is a clash between patent laws and antitrust laws. Patent laws provide the holder with rights to eliminate competition, whereas antitrust laws enable protection of healthy business competition practices. A clear border line has to be drawn bet ween these two conflicting legal regimes.In the case Illinois Tools Works V. Independent Ink, the question of the manufacturer having a market power over a secure product or process could be presumed whilst granting the patent, was being asked. A patent holder may hold so much of powers in the market such that he/she may dominate the scene. A patent holder will usually violate antirust laws if he or she feels that they are in a situation to dominate the market. In this case, Illinois printers invented a printing device and had prohibited the customers from using non-patented ink.The defendant felt that such terms were against the true spirits of competition, and were under the plan that Illinois tool works were trying to dominate the market situation. It may be difficult in such a case to determine the party that would require the burden of proof. The patent holder had tried to extend his patent. In this manner, they had created both, primary and secondary market rivals. The prim ary rivals included other manufacturers of printers, and the secondary rivals included other manufacturers of printer inks.The court gave its decision in favor of Independent Ink, citing that patents could not be extended to non-patentable areas. A patent had only specific boundaries, and crossing such boundaries constituted infringement. In another case, Schering-Plough held a patent for a medicine. A company that manufactured a generic version of the same drug felt that the original companys patent was invalid. They wanted to file for a patent opposition, but Schering-Plough decided to pay the generic drug manufacturers to withdraw the case and also stay out of the market for some period.Federal Trade Commission filed a case before the Supreme Court, saying that Schering-Plough was trying to destroy all competition in the market by wrongfully preserving its invalid monopoly. The Court felt that the agreement between Schering-Plough and the generic manufacturers was invalid and wa s executed to destroy competition in the market. Patent laws should make it easier to obtain a compulsory license in case the patentee wrongfully suppresses the invetion from the public.A compulsory license should be given to anybody in case- The patentee is unable to meet the reasonable requirements of the public with relation to his patented process or product. The patentee does not make the invention available to the public at an affordable cost. The invention is not being worked in the jurisdiction of the patent office. Special considerations should be given to inventions that relate to public health and nutrition, and emergency situations. Compulsory license should be a sanction (for the patentee) and a remedy (for the public) in case the patentee indulges in anticompetitive practices.The concept of compulsory licenses developed pursuance the African AIDS crisis situation. The continent was in a crisis situation with the HIV/AIDS pandemic. A few companies such as Glaxo, Mer ck, etc held a patent for an antiretroviral drug which could be life-saving for people suffering from HIV/AIDS. However, these companies had indulged in several anticompetitive practices. The cost of treating each AIDS patients in Africa was exceedingly high (US$ 10,000 per patient per family). Hence, the drugs were inaccessible for many poor patients who belonged to underdeveloped nations.Cipla, an Indian pharmaceutical company volunteered to supply the drug at a fraction of the overall costs the other companies were offering (US $ 350 per year per patient). Some of the African Nations had to modify its trade laws so that parallel imports and compulsory licenses could exist. However, the original companies that held the patents for antiviral drugs began to sue for infringement. These companies had to later withdraw their infringement cases, as there was a worldwide agitation against the anti-public health policies adopted by the patent holders.Later, at the WTO conference in Doha, a comprehensive agreement to protect public health issues was adopted to prevent unhealthy practices by the patent holders (through compulsory licenses). Some people feel that the patent system can create an balk in the development of science and technology, as instances of nonuse often arise. Once a patent is granted, it may even prevent others from inventing around a particular invention or inventive concept. This will seriously hinder the developments in that particular field. Inventors, who tend to sit on their inventions by refusing access to the public, should be henceforth refused patents.

Reply to Post of Jennifer Schaefer Essay Example for Free

Reply to Post of Jennifer Schaefer EssayThe outline set by the learner for the conduct and cloy of the initial interview is very(prenominal) traditional and methodological. It starts out with the gathering of relevant information, analyzing the data and then formulating solutions to the enigmas of the nodes. This method is the commonly used approach in the populace of therapy because it has been proven effective and easy to use by many therapists. For the first part of the outline, I think that the learner is very ballock. This may make the client feel that he or she is being examined by a professional which is not helpful in forging a relationship with the client.This stage is very important because it empowers and enables the client to disclose all his or her experiences that will lead the therapist to find or provide solutions to the clients problems. In the end, this formal or rigid approach can impede the progress of the counseling session. Reply to Post of Michele Mo ran The outline drafted by the learner tackles the issues of the client from recent to old. The problem that I see with this kind of approach in conducting an initial interview is that it seems very invasive to the client.At the beginning of the interview, the therapist or counselor would right away ask for personal information about the client. Then, the client will be bombarded with questions or insinuations regarding his or her problem. I think these stages are essential but a rapport first must be established between the client and the therapist. Through this, the client can feel the he or she is not upright talking to a professional who is doing his job but more of a friend or confidant who is willing to help and concerned about the eudaimonia and development of the client.

Teaching Phonics in Elementary Schools

training Phonics in Elementary SchoolsPhonics can be defined as an management in sound-letter blood used in indicant and writing (Strickland, 1998). In earlier times an alphabet spelling organisation dominated the training of considering, however, a phonetic method was introduced in which children were taught individual sound letter relation and how to blend to decipher words. Teachers were dissatisfied with the method at the time because a lot attention was placed on word analysis and little interest was given to comprehension. Children were expected to learn every word as a sight word, making progress s beginning and laborious. This approach was temporarily abandoned and the basal narration program was introduced. The basal reading programs held predominance all over other methods and hence teachers became discontented with them as the only form of reading tuition and again returned to phonics.Various changes methodology was initiated in an attempt to solve the readin g problem in the dim-witted schools. The literature based approaches to reading teaching in which phonics is taught in conjunction with other word identification strategies was among the practical application. These currently approaches though widely varied in application didactics phonics continue to be heard today. The support of phonics is combined with demands for a greater emphasis on spelling and grammar. Phonics instruction reveals deep philosophical differences about teaching, acquirement and leads to power struggles over gentilityal policy. Despite the potential for the phonics debate to polarize educational communities, most educators and p arnts try to empty instructional pendulum swings that confuse than clarify issues. They choose to concentrate their efforts on providing effective literacy programs.Types of PhonicsThere argon different types of phonics instruction approaches that vary according to the explicitness by which the phonic elements are taught and pr acticed in the reading of text, it is important to understand the five specific types of phonics instruction and what they entail. Systematic phonics approach is a sequential that set on phonics elements are taught along a dimension of explicitness depending on the type of phonics method employed (national reading panel2000).Analogy phonics is teaching students unfamiliar words by semblance and to know words (e.g., we distinguish that the rhyme segment of an unfamiliar word is identical to that of the a familiar word, and then blending the known rhyme with the new word onset, much(prenominal) as reading sick by recognizing that -ick is contained in the known word kick, or reading hump by analogy to mumps).analytical phonics is using phonics to teaching students to analyze letter sound relations and learning words to avoid pronouncing sound in isolation.Embedded phonics is using phonics to teaching students phonics skills by embedding phonics instruction in text reading and a more implicit approach that relies to some extent on incidental learning.Phonics through spelling is when teaching students to segment words into phonemes and as well as to select letter for those phonemes.Synthetic phonics is teaching students explicitly to convert garner into sounds and then blend the sounds to form recognizable words. check to national institution of child and human development report the national reading panel (2000), that phonics instruction teaches student to use the relationship between letters and sounds to translate printed text into pronunciation of words. But it is surprising that many students and teachers do not understand the basic rules in learning or teaching phonics instruction in the content area.Students knowing the basic phonetic instruction rules will supporter them sound out words and memorize sight words. Phonics advocates focus their efforts on the primary grades and emphasize the importance of students being able to sound out (read) words base d on the phonetic instruction (Reyhner, 2000).Inadequacy of article of faith PhonicsThe phonologic instruction is a remarkably, powerful technique and away to teach every child to reading and spelling. The different strategies of phonics instruction a child must go through before they can acquire phonics lessons, from infancy to beginning of school and at each stage the kind of help the child needs from drug-addicted teachers with the knowledge.There are many round-eyed teachers who have no idea of teaching phonics instruction to students. Primary teachers education students themselves frequently express concern over their lack of confidence in their phonics knowledge and their frustration having to teach and rely on abstract chapters in textbooks those are quite difficult to understand. Today the education programs are burdened with an overcrowded curriculum, in which phonics has successively reduced in lined with pedagogical trends based on literacy acquisition.Teachers compla ined that phonics instruction is a difficult subject because they are not receiving sufficient explicit and systematic knowledge especially in relation to phonological knowledge in helping the child to read. Jalongo (1998) has commented that is a practical(prenominal) conspiracy afoot among educators to keep this superior knowledge to ourselves and deny children access to the keys to the kingdom of reading. Teachers are either overly lazy to teach phonics or too obstinate to consider it. Teachers and their trainee teachers do not understand how to teach phonics instruction and they rely on computer exercise and games to supply the phonics activities.Buckland and Fraser (2008) has stated these teachers accepted literary knowledge but they did not have knowledge of building blocks language necessary for the big picture of effective literacy teaching.It is the professional responsibility of teachers to develop immense knowledge of phonics instruction a repertoire of teaching strateg ies to adapt to the needs of individual children in order to ensure success.Using Phonics instruction to Improve meter readingMany researchers and educators still wondering about the use of phonics instruction help student to improve their reading. According to research has shown that systematic phonics instruction significantly enhances students in kindergarten through to sixth grade and children having difficulty in learning how to read. Children that receive systematic beginning instruction were better able to read text and also the improvement in their ability to comprehend text (NICHD, 2000).Systematic synthetic phonics has a positive effective on student with poor reading abilities and low grade achievement with students in school. A child who has been introduced to systematic phonics instruction in elementary school at early levels is able to read properly. Teaching reading using phonics instruction helps kindergarten better understanding the use of alphabetic principles and better able to give students a faster start in learning to read than direct instruction these children alphabetic knowledge and reading skills have improved. Teachers need to improve students skills in reading by teaching phonics instruction in a meaningful way with a text and emphasize the role of systematic synthetic phonics in the classroom. There are many students who are sorrowful out of the education system that cannot read because they cannot distinguish between sounds of words while some were not exposed to a book or eve phonics instruction. Educators need to be focused on a early intervention literacy program and mandate a strong phonics instruction which emphasize on reading program across the curriculum that fulfil the reading difficulties in the classrooms.Findings cited in the National Reading Panel Report (NICHD, 2000) on the of systematic phonics instruction including the following(a)Systematic phonics instruction was shown to produce substantial improvement in re ading and spelling in kindergarten through sixth grade, especially for younger children who risk of afterlife reading failure and disable readers. The contribution of systematic phonics instruction to reading provide achievement was greater than that of programs that provided unsystematic phonics instruction and programs that included no phonics instruction. arrogant results were greater with younger students (kindergarten students and first graders), indicating that beginning systematic phonics instruction early is helpful.Systematic phonics instruction produced gains when used in a variety of grouping patterns such as one-on-one tutoring, small groups, and whole-class instruction.Gains in reading were demonstrated by children from all socioeconomic levels.Systematic phonics instruction improved comprehension and showed an even greater impact on word recognition (pp.26).This finding encourages the government and educators should be using phonics instruction to improve the quality of their reading program in elementary schools. There are many students moving from grade to grade who cannot read and comprehend the text.The best support for children with significant literacy difficulties to enable them to catch up with their peers, and relationship between such targeted intervention programmes with phonics teaching. The teaching of early reading and phonics in primary schools and early years setting, will improve literacy in school today and including both the content area (Europe Intelligence Wire, 2005).Comprehension using PhonicsAccording to NICHHD (2000), reading comprehension is the act of understanding and interpreting the information within a text. Children exposed to phonics at an early age and understanding methods of decoding words can begin to engage in regular reading by translating letters into sounds of oral language and then using their cognitive processes to facilitate listening comprehension to understand what they have read. Teachers can presen t relevant scaffolding to help student understand textual meaning, and acquire the cipher for mapping sound onto letter to develop their comprehension skill. The high quality phonics instruction should be taught as the primary approach to student in learning to decode (to read) and encode (to write/spell) that will help in analysis comprehension. Phonics instruction should be emphasised within a broad and rich language curriculum that develop students in the area of comprehension skills and expand childrens abilities of words. Teaching comprehension using phonics to elementary children should be multisensory in order to arouse their interest by motivating in an exciting wayGambrell, Marrow and Pressley (2007) explained that students often need concentrated instructional support in phonics approaches in order to learn important skills and strategies that they might have difficulty discovering and principles of comprehension skills.Comprehension is an important development of childre ns reading skills in academic learning in all subjects areas and in lifelong journey. Learning comprehension using phonics is a dynamic aspect for readers in the understanding of a text that provides the context within which to comprehend individual words and sentences. In teaching comprehension passages, students need to understand basic phonetic instruction to read words and spell.Cain( 2003) stated that word reading is essential for reading comprehension but does not ensure good comprehension of written text if children do not understand basic phonetics. Children who develop age appropriate word reading lack teaching phonics instruction in the classroom therefore their reading comprehension is poor. They also have poor listening comprehension, indicating that subtle word reading difficulties can be the source of their reading comprehension problems.The theoretical approaches in the teaching phonics instruction has found to improve childrens success in learning to read and was ext ensively more effective than little or no phonics instruction in the elementary schools. Phonics instruction has positive effective on reading and comprehension skills on children in literacy and also in the traditional and contemporary methods are lacking, emphasis must be placed on the development of new methods that provide teachers with much needed guidance and explication in these years of reformulation in the classrooms (Wilson and Colmar, 2008). conclusionTeaching students to read is a responsible of every teacher in education system. Teachers have to implement creative and effective instructional practices to in the curriculum. Teaching students to read is a responsibility of every teacher in the education system. Teachers have to implement creative and effective instructional practices in the curriculum.The education system needs to place more emphasis on phonics by using to help combat illiteracy in children. Children who were taught phonics at an early age

Refugees and Social Integration in Winnipeg

Refugees and Social Integration in WinnipegThis writing will examine refugees and fond integration in Winnipeg and attempt to answer the questions posed in the syllabus.The status of refugees is signifi senst in Winnipeg as the province of Manitoba admits to a greater extent than 1000 refugees per class1, the majority of who strengthen in Winnipeg. Refugees arrive in Winnipeg a good deal with rattling footling and are desperate to be able to integrate successfully, however this can be rough to achieve. These new arrivals impact the city in that they are dependent on companionable operate which in twine cost the government money. In ragion due to lack of available funds upon arrival refugees practic whollyy have to live in high poverty areas2, centered on the downtown which leads to fond issues that can be problematic for refugees to live with. In these circumstances making valuable social connections can be hard, often cultural differences make it challenging for new arrivals to make connections with the community, or neighbours. Poverty rates remain high for refugees reinforcement in Winnipeg and over time this has a detrimental effect non only on the lives of the refugees themselves but of the community at large as high poverty areas become a burden on the social run and typically have high rates of crime3.The number of refugees seeking entry to Canada has been steady increasing since 2000, this apparently in line with growing conflicts across Africa and the midriff East. Around these regions the nature of conflicts has been changing from nations fighting each other to civil conflicts within a nation, which tend to go on for much longer than custom conflicts. In countries such as Syria, Iraq and Somalia ongoing civil war and terrorist insurgency has had a devastating effect on the civilian populations. People are often targeted for perceived allegiances to one side or the other and are persecuted for it, the level of destruction surroundi ng civilian populations is high and as a result some tidy sum become displaced, people who in turn become refugees seeking asylum abroad. These people often have to leave their homes quickly and with very little in terms of monetary value for fear of their lives. Understandably these people look abroad for support where they might be free from the fear and conquering that they would suffer if they returned to their home countries. As the conflicts in these regions continue more and more people will seek a better opportunity to live abroad, and Canada is a desired destination. With the increase in asylum seekers more people are seeking entry to Canada under refugee status, this impacts Winnipeg as more new arrivals will be refugees and un corresponding landed immigrants these people often will require significant assistance with social integration 4among other things. The city of Winnipeg and how m any(prenominal) refugees we admit per year has a direct impact on the people maint enance in destitute conditions, be it in overcrowded housing on UN tent camps. Their standard of living increases dramatically being able to live here, and patronage initial challenges in getting situated the chance to live here is something sought after by many around the world.The status of refugees in Winnipeg admittedly affects me very little. Personally I cannot say that I know anyone who is a refugee or even any friends that know one. However despite not personally being impacted by refugees I can see the effects of the city as a whole. While sympathetic towards the difficulties these people have faced I am also aware of the burden that is placed on social services and semiprivate individuals and institutions to support refugees, support which regular immigrants would under or so circumstances not need. It is also good to keep in mind that Canada is running a famine and any increase in social spending does nothing to help with that. People I know have also been impacted as refugees predominantly hightail it in the service and labour sectors and hold relatively high employment around 80%5, this could be a factor into why people around my age have difficulty finding employment at traditionally entry level jobs, such as retail, food industry and so forth As for how I impact the social integration of refugees in the city I would have to say not at all, as I jadet know any refugees and I am not in any position to impact their lives.Personal bias aside as out-of-the-way(prenominal) as a critical assessment goes, I would begin with saying that refugees face incredible challenges both in leaving their home countries and establishing themselves in Canada. Refugees arriving in Winnipeg often have very little money, and low prospects of a good paying job and face difficulty in dealing with the trauma that they whitethorn have experienced due to war or persecution of some kind in their country of origin6. Due to how refugees are dispersed across Canada new ar rivals often find themselves isolated and without anyone of their own cultural background to associate with, I can recollect how difficult this might be, for instance if there were to hypothetically be a civil war break out in Canada and myself and family were forced to relocate to somewhere like Nairobi or Istanbul I could see how difficult it would be to fit into society. The same can be said about refugees from Africa and the Mid-East many of whom dont even speak English which is essential to living in Canada. As well once a refugee does arrive things often arent as great as they had been led to believe, in the case of Winnipeg most refugees in recent times are from visible minorities and often have to live in poverty stricken neighbourhoods around the downtown core area7. I have found that once a refugee has been successfully settled in Winnipeg the majority of assistance they had received goes away and considers the job done. While I can see how it would be costly to maintain direct support for all of the refugee families admitted it is clear that many struggle with a number of issues after social services move on to the next family.The theoretical lens which I have sighted this in is the Liberal approach, which also seems to be the method by which the West approaches refugees in general. The most important point being that there is a moral imperative to help these people the best way we can with the abundant resources at our disposal. This also plays into international justice and how to Liberal west can help those that are oppressed by people who hold opposing views. Looking at the status of refugees in Winnipeg it is clear that Liberal minding institutions have helped many thousands of people, not only find homes but also employment. While I can sure appreciate the good done on behalf of institutions in Winnipeg clearly more has to be done. Many of the values which we hold here are not readily apparent to refugees who are finding it difficult to ma nage here and find them falling into poverty. This seems to be a recurring issue within the refugee population in the city and it is troubling that despite the numbers of those stuck in poverty they seem to have been largely abandoned by the government which continues to bring in more refugees without improving the conditions of those already here8. It follows to me at least that if those refugees here in Winnipeg are able to access better education and jobs that they would be able to contribute utmost more to our society that they are at the present. With higher wages they would be able to afford their own homes, rather than be exploited by landlords that savor powerful positions over refugees in their situations. With access to jobs more befitting of their qualifications they would be able to afford education for any children they may have brought with them which in turn leads to a better community as a whole since their children would be far less likely to get into crime or be recruited into alley gangs, a real issue among young African male refugees who see it as the only opportunity to better their position. Certain policies I would also view as questionable, for instance the cost effective move to have affordable housing located in the worst parts of the city. While this may be less of a burden of the social services it does little to help the city of Winnipeg in the long-term. As these refugees are forced to live in insecure neighbourhoods where children are routinely exploited, this does nothing to exhale the value were place on Liberty in the West. These families are forced to live in cramped, dirty apartments where social interactions with the community tend to be minimal due to crime within those areas. From my own experiences in dealing with people downtown I can imagine some of the difficulties a recent Syrian or African immigrant may face if they have to work late night as past a certain time the majority of people leave the downtown area and it can become dangerous to have to travel on foot very late into the night. This goes back to the issue of good employment, having to work late night shift work with the chance of being harassed or accosted after work doesnt sound very appealing to me. The lack of continued aid once a refugee has found a job is a failure, and aid agencies like Winnipeg harvest among others are often strained to help or are unknown to refugee families. Now that isnt to say that I believe we are oblige to help refugees, however if Canada is to uphold the Liberal values which it proclaims then we should handle refugees properly and with adequate support networks in place. From the articles and new reports I have researched for this paper it is clear that while refugees are certainly grateful to everything Canada has given them, it simply is not enough once they are settled and families fall into poverty and all associated issues. I can think of several things that could help the situation of refugees in the city, of course doing the right thing tends never to be time/cost effective. actualization of refugees education is a big step in helping them to get meaningful employment, many refugees simply cannot afford to go to school here when they moldiness work long hours to support themselves and families. I our diverse multicultural society it would pay off in the long term to give refugees better access to working environments, longer programs to ensure successful integration. Also better methods to deal with the trauma and mental issues that accompany living in a warzone. All told despite the many issues, refugees are doing well in Winnipeg issues in good employment remain but refugees do overwhelmingly feel safe in Winnipeg are at least able to find work for the most part. With the financial difficulties facing Canada, and Winnipeg it is understandable that we simply cannot provide the best for refugees at the moment without a noticeable impact of groups giving aid to Canadian s that already are in need, however anything we can give them is far better than what they would have faced in their country of origin.BibliographyArticlesCarter, Derwing, Ogilivie, T. Wotherspoon. Prairies Region, Our Diverse Cities 6 (2009) 8-50, 104.Omidvar, Richmond. Immigrant Settlement and Social Inclusion in Canada, Working Paper Series Perspectives on Social Inclusion (2003) 44.Gyepi-Garbrah, J., Walker, R., Garcea, J. Indigeneity, Immigrant Newcomers and Interculturalism in Winnipeg, Canada.urban Studies (2013).Short SourcesCarol Sanders, Feds to pay for only 40% of refugees, Winnipeg part with Press, January 1, 2015. Accessed April 1, 2015. http//www.winnipegfreepress.com/local/feds-to-pay-for-only-40-of-refugees-288229911.htmlJanine LeGal, Congo refugee Hilaire Ndyat helps new immigrants settle in Winnipeg, Canadian Immigrant, August 12, 2011. Accessed April 1, 2015. http//canadianimmigrant.ca/immigrant-stories/careers/congo-refugee-hilaire-ndyat-helps-new-immigrants-se ttle-in-winnipegCarol Sanders, Syrian refugees obstacles decried, Winnipeg Free Press, April 1, 2014. Accessed April 1, 2015. http//www.winnipegfreepress.com/local/syrian-refugees-obstacles-decried-253319531.htmlAmanda Thorsteinsson, November 27, 2013 (345 PM), Special to blood profile countersign Syrian refugees faced with nowhere to live http//www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/syrian-refugees-faced-with-nowhere-to-live-1.2442659Donna Carreiro, Winnipeg refugee the face of a global crisis, CBC News December 15, 2014. Accessed March 27, 2015. http//www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/winnipeg-refugee-the-face-of-a-global-crisis-1.2872961Manitoba Immigrant and Refugee Settlement Sector Association, Last modified 2015. http//www.mirssa.org/about.aspxVoices of Manitoba, https//manitobavoices.wordpress.com/about/resources-for-refugees-in-winnipeg/Carol Sanders, Manitoba hit record refugee count in 2013, Winnipeg Free Press, March 27, 2014. Accessed March 27, 2015. http//www.winnipegfreepres s.com/local/manitoba-hit-record-refugee-count-in-2013-252590021.htmlUniversity of Winnipeg Communications, December 9, 2014. Bridging two worlds Helping refugee youth succeed in Canada http//news-centre.uwinnipeg.ca/all-posts/bridging-two-worlds-helping-refugee-youth-succeed-in-canada/Shane Gibson, Tough road for African immigrants, refugees in Winnipeg report. Metro News, July 26, 2012. Accessed April 1, 2015. http//metronews.ca/news/winnipeg/310949/tough-road-for-african-immigrants-refugees-in-winnipeg-report/CBC News, Syrian refugees glad to be in Winnipeg, but struggle to feed kids, CBC News, July 4, 2014. Accessed April 6, 2015. http//www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/syrian-refugees-glad-to-be-in-winnipeg-but-struggle-to-feed-kids-1.2697018Shane Gibson, Library for refugee and immigrant children opens in Winnipeg, Metro News, February 6, 2015. Accessed April 6, 2015. http//metronews.ca/news/winnipeg/1281922/library-for-refugee-and-immigrant-children-opens-in-winnipeg/Winnipeg n uisance Statistics last modified April 5, 2015 http//www.winnipeg.ca/crimestat/1 Carter, Derwing, Ogilivie, Wotherspoon, Prairies Region.2 Prairies Region3 Winnipg Crime Statistics4 Omidvar, Richmond Immigrant Settlement and Social Inclusion in Canada5 Prairire Regions6 Gyepi-Garbrah, J., Walker, R., Garcea, J. Indigeneity, Immigrant Newcomers and Interculturalism in Winnipeg7 Prairie Region8 Immigrant Settlement and Social Inclusion in Canada

Arguments for and against prostitution legalization

Arguments for and against harlotry legalizationThe articles generator is Emily Bazelon who is a senior of Slate. Majority of the articles in which she wrote, were mostly controversial subjects, such as, the Hamdan v. Rumsfelf trial and post-abortion syndrome. She is a contri besidesing writer who plays in many roles. Emily is the co-editor of the Jurisprudence blog, and edits Slates legal column. The Jurisprudence blog talks astir(predicate) womens issues. Emily Bazelon was a senior editor of Legal Affairs before she started fall in Slate as well as a contributing writer to The New York Times Magazine. In the year 1993 and 1994, she worked as a reporter in the San Francisco Bay Area and also as a journalist in Israel. Moreover, she is also a Senior Research Scholar in Law and Truman capote as well as a fellow for the Creative Writing and Law at Yale Law School. She examined the reasons wherefore whoredom is illegal or why it should be legal in the article of Why is prostitutio n. Emily was comment that the reasons of it be because of the deprived women in the industry and it would only help brothel frequenter who are the ones who exploit and demean these women.From the article of Why Is it whoredom illegal?, Emily Bazelon talks on the prostitution issue by giving argument. Argument on legalizing prostitution expands, leads to back-alley ferocity and fails to protect woman. It also causes greater demand for human trafficking victims. Martha Nussbaum argues on sale of bodily services and poor woman that work as severity conditions. Difference between a street worker controlled by a pimp and a high-end call girl who picks her own clients, and how to subjoin poor womens vex to decent and safe work. harlotry is inevitable but if its regulated then conditions will be better. Countries that prostitution is legal arent cesspools. In 1999, legal to sell but illegal to but land up and only johns and traffickers can be prosecuted. According to Womens Justice C enter, Swedens way is a big success. Prostitution has been reduced in capital of Sweden and Finland. SANS, for sex workers and Allies Network in Sweden dislike the 199 law. It has more dangerous clients and unsafe sex. Industries want straight-out legalization but without systematic studies shown law has make sex work worse or riskier. Prostitution laws should non come down to functional conditions, laws that would lead for sex workers. Due to a recent working paper (PDF) by economist Steven Levitt and sociologist Sudhir Venkatesh, apparently dont know that much about the specifics of the structure of the sex market. Levitt and Venkatesh found that women working on streets were making $27 a day and less than $20,000 a year from the data of Chicago police department. The Ricks of the trade were serious as an annual average of a dozen incidents of violence and 300 instances of unprotected sex. Surprisingly, high prevalence of police officers demanding sex from prostitutes in return for avoiding arrest. Its another argument against the bans on prostitution presumably women would not be caught in this particular trap if they were not worried about going to jail in the first place.Prostitution means, the act or practice of engaging, and a career in which it is contempt by society even if it has been around for centuries. In ancient Greek, prostitution is not to be contempt because of the prostitutes dedication to the Gods or goodness of the priests. It began many centuries ago, as a way to service for the God. Today prostitution has become more and more open to the extent that some countries authorize for the legalization of prostitution, countries such as, Bulgaria and the Netherlands industry. In my opinion, prostitution is an im honourable transaction, even if it has been around for thousands of years. Legalization of prostitution is a problem on the countrys controversial topic. The article does not entirely agree because it has brought many negative effects , such as health, community policy issues and religious issues.As we all know, that the biggest impact caused by prostitution is no(prenominal) other than health problems. There are many impacts created by prostitution, whether to the society or other people, and it is physically harmful to sex workers. Those sex workers have a high probability will get sexually transmitted disease (STD), such as HIV/ AIDS, Chlamydia, Gonorrhea, Herpes, Human Papilloma virus , and Syphills. These STD are alarmingly high among women in the prostitution industry. According to Minneapolis/St. Paul, studies demonstrated that 31% of the women interviewed had experienced at least one episode of DID which is the accounts for most of the serious illness associated with STD infection.(Janice, 1994). overly that, it does not only gravely impair to the sex workers, but it will also be passed to innocent people such as their couple partners. In some developing countries, it has been estimated that 70% of fema les have STD and infertility, most of which were caused by their husbands or partners who were involved in prostitution (Jacobson, 1992). It shows that prostitution does not only affect sex workers and clients, but it also implicates to innocent people as well. Assuming that these diseases are uncontrollable and are continuously being spread out into community, the consequences will be disastrous. Hence, the rate of health in the community will be in the danger zone.Furthermore, prostitution also related to the crime problems in the community. Most prostitution industries connected to crime groups such as triad. Illegal prostitution does not bring any benefit to the society instead, it will increase the rate of crime. Because prostitution is being induce, it leads to the production of criminal such as theft robbery, assault, murder, alcoholism, drug abuse, kidnapping, human trafficking and others. Some of the sex woman workers are victims of human trafficking which are manipulated b y criminal groups. Many of them are living in a violent environment even life threatening ones as Emily Bazelon mentioned in the article. She mentioned that women who fear prosecution could not go to the police for help due to life threats. As the article mentioned, many of the works involve the sales of bodily services and that very much of the works involve bad working condition. I strongly believe that legalizing prostitution is a huge mistake because not only will it foster the rate of crime to continuously rise but sooner or later it will become a rampant increase. For example, as Why Is Prostitution Illegal article mentioned, the government claimed that legalizing or tolerating prostitution would create a greater demand for human trafficking problem. More succinctly, legalizing prostitution industry will increase the demand of sex worker because of the shortage of voluntary sex workers, so they will kidnap girls and force them to be sex workers. Therefore, do not countenan ce prostitution is the best choice.In fact, professional ethics have al shipway despised sex workers in the society because it is a violation of religious moral teachings. Prostitution represents a distortion of traditional cultural values and a corruption of humanity. For example, there have five percepts in Buddhism. One of the percepts is talking about prostitution. The third percept is to be refraining from sexual misconduct. Prostitution is a systematic violation of this rule, a problem Buddhists need to take more seriously. Among other things, a substantial improvement in the economic well-being of rural areas, as well as the enforcement of laws punishing profiling from the business of prostitution, is needed to reduce gouge on rural young women to resort to prostitution (Peter, 1999). From this, we know that a religionist or a superior man does not allow prostitution. Even in ancient China, the status of sex workers has no value and its level is lower compared to slaves. Des pite some countries acceptance, the Muslim religionist in Malaysia does not. Therefore, Malaysia has laws to those prostitution offenders. They will be prone serious punishments if the laws are violated. It is stated in the Syariah Criminal Offences (Federal Territories) Act 1997. In section 21 of Act 559, it is demonstrates that any women who are involves in prostitution shall be arrest and offense on conviction be liable to a fine not exceeding five thousand ringgit or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding three years or to whipping not exceeding six strokes or to any combination thereof. This is one of the ways Muslim people go against prostitution, which is using strict laws. Therefore, the legalization of prostitution would be very likely to break with the harmonious relationship between governments and religionists.In conclusion I strongly believe that these three factors are why prostitution is should not be legalized. Prostitution is to increase the culture of corruption in a society, because it will gradually undermine the social morality and the destruction of human conscience. If peoples cultures are being corrupted continuously, we will no longer resilient in a peaceful and harmonious life. Thus, prostitution should not be legalized.Reference PageParriott, Ruth. Health Experiences of Twin Cities Women Used in Prostitution deal Findings and Recommendations. Unpublished, May 1994. Available from Breaking Free, 1821 University Ave., Suite 312, South, St. Paul, Minnesota 55104. Retrieve from November 27, 2010 from http//www.uri.edu/artsci/wms/hughes/mhvhealt.htm.Jacobson, Jodi L. The Other Epidemic. World Watch. May-June 1992, pp. 10-11. Retrieve from November 27, 2010 from http//www.enabling.org/ia/vipassana/Archive/J/Jackson/homoBuddhaJackson.htmlEmily Bazelon. Article of Why is Prostitution Should Illegal? Posted Monday, March 10, 2008 at Slate Magazine. Retrieve from November 27, 2010. Fromhttp//www.slate.com/id/2186243/Syariah Criminal Offen ces (Federal Territories) Act 1997. In section 21 of Act 559. Retrieve from November 27, 2010. From http//www.mylawyer.com.my/pdf/Syariah_Criminal_Offences_Federal_Territories_Act.pdf

Youth Criminal Justice Act (YCJA) Essay -- essays research papers

Youth crime is a growing epidemic that affects most teenagers at one point in their life. There is no movement in society to whether or not youths are committing crimes. It has been shown that since 1986 to 1998 violent crime committed by youth jumped approximately 120% (CITE). The most controversial fence in in Canadian history would have to be about the Young Offenders toy (YOA). In 1982, Parliament passed the Young Offenders Act (YOA). Effective since 1984, the Young Offenders Act replaced the most recent version of the Juvenile Delinquents Act (JDA). The Young Offenders Acts purpose was to shift from a social welfare approach to fashioning youth take responsibility for their actions. It also addressed concerns that the paternalistic treatment of children under the JDA did not conform to Canadian human rights legislation (Mapleleaf). It remained a heat up debate until the new legislation passed the Youth Criminal Justice Act. Some thought a complete overhaul was needed, othe rs thought minor changes would suffice, and still others entangle that the Young Offenders Act was best left alone. In February 2002, the House of Commons passed the Youth Criminal Justice Act (YCJA). The Act came into effect in April 2003, substitution the Young Offenders Act (Mapleleaf). The new legislation attempts to balance the legalistic framework of the Young Offenders Act and the social needs approach underlying the Juvenile Delinquents Act. This goal is seeming(a) in the Declaration of Principle stating th...