Ancient history Essay Example for Free

Antiquated history Essay Lebanonâ French: Republique libanaise), is a nation on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. It is circumscribed by Syria toward the north and east, and Israel toward the south. Lebanons area at the intersection of the Mediterranean Basin and the Arabian hinterland has directed its rich history, and molded a social character of strict and ethnic assorted variety. [8] The soonest proof of human progress in Lebanon goes back more than 7,000 yearsâ€predating written history. [9] Lebanon was the home of the Phoenicians, a sea culture that prospered for about 2,500 years (3000â€539 BC). Following the breakdown of the Ottoman Empire after World War I, the five territories that involve present day Lebanon were commanded to France. The French extended the outskirts of Mount Lebanon, which was for the most part populated by Maronite Catholics and Druze, to incorporate more Muslims. Lebanon picked up autonomy in 1943, and set up a one of a kind political framework, known as confessionalism, a force sharing system dependent on strict networks. French soldiers pulled back in 1946. Prior to the Lebanese Civil War (1975â€1990), the nation encountered a time of relative quiet and success, driven by the travel industry, agribusiness, and banking. [10] Because of its monetary force and decent variety, Lebanon was referred to in its prime as the Switzerland of the East. [11] It pulled in huge quantities of tourists,[12] with the end goal that the capital Beirut was alluded to as Paris of the Middle East. Toward the finish of the war, there were broad endeavors to restore the economy and remake national foundation. [13] Until July 2006, Lebanon delighted in extensive steadiness, Beiruts remaking was nearly complete,[14] and expanding quantities of voyagers filled the countries resorts. [12] Then, the month-long 2006 war among Israel and Hezbollah made huge regular citizen demise and overwhelming harm Lebanons common foundation. Be that as it may, because of its firmly managed monetary framework, Lebanese banks have to a great extent stayed away from the money related emergency of 2007â€2010. In 2009, in spite of a worldwide downturn, Lebanon delighted in 9% financial development and facilitated the biggest number of visitors in its history. Historical underpinnings The name Lebanon originates from the Semitic root lbn, which means white, likely a reference to the snow-topped Mount Lebanon. [15] Occurrences of the name have been found in writings from the library of Ebla,[16] which date to the third thousand years BC, almost multiple times in the Hebrew Bible, and three of the twelve tablets of the Epic of Gilgamesh (maybe as right on time as 2100 BC)[17]. The name is recorded in Ancient Egyptian as Rmnn, where R represented Canaanite L. [18] Old history Main article: History of antiquated Lebanon Evidence of the soonest known settlements in Lebanon was found in Byblos, which is viewed as one of the most seasoned persistently occupied urban areas in the world,[9] and go back to sooner than 5000 BC. Archeologists found leftovers of ancient cottages with squashed limestone floors, crude weapons, and internment bumps left by the Neolithic and Chalcolithic angling networks who lived on the shore of the Mediterranean Sea more than 7,000 years back. [19] Lebanon was the country of the Phoenicians, a marine people that spread over the Mediterranean before the ascent of Cyrus the Great. [20] After two centuries of Persian standard, Macedonian ruler Alexander the Great assaulted and consumed Tire, the most noticeable Phoenician city. All through the ensuing hundreds of years paving the way to late occasions, the nation turned out to be a piece of various succeeding domains, among them Persian, Assyrian, Hellenistic, Roman, Eastern Roman, Arab, Seljuk, Mamluk, Crusader, and the Ottoman Empire.

Cyber-bullying Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Digital harassing - Research Paper Example This is likewise done through instant messages and messages which are sent all through the social circuit. Another type of digital tormenting is sexting which is getting mainstream with the expansion being used of mobiles telephones that have imbedded cameras in them. For the most part this is regular with lady friends sending pictures to their beaus by means of sight and sound messages. Be that as it may, what these young ladies don't understand is that there are lawful ramifications to this. After separations these sweethearts can utilize these photos to coerce or humiliate the sender. Digital harassing is a mental upsetting type of social mercilessness among youngsters (Jaishankar 2011). Digital tormenting is expanding at a high rate with the expansion in the utilization of innovation like phones and PCs. The manners by which tormenting can occur are additionally expanding on the grounds that small kids who approach innovation create different approaches to badger other little you ngsters. Long range interpersonal communication destinations likewise give a discussion to these digital domineering jerks as it is a sheltered medium through which they can undoubtedly perpetrate the wrongdoing of digital harassing without the dread of being gotten by the other individual. Despite this long range interpersonal communication sites can't be considered responsible for any sort of despise discourse that is posted on their sites. Digital tormenting has expanded the quantity of suicides submitted by high school young men and young ladies. A portion of these adolescents can't take in the shames and provocations they are being exposed to and henceforth fall prey to this demonstration. The notice of digital tormenting now achieves a discussion of how firmly governments should act against digital harassing and whether new demonstrations of laws be executed against it or not as the greater part of the offenders included are adolescent. Numerous states in America have just act ualized laws against digital harassing. The territory of Missouri had no made against the wrongdoing of digital tormenting until the self destruction of a multi year old young lady Megan Meier in 2006. It was then that the state understood that it can't abuse the guilty party on the grounds that digital harassing was not illegal around then. It was after this occurrence that Missouri assembly and senator passed another law that digital tormenting is unlawful provocation by electronic methods for correspondence. This new law likewise requires the schools and universities to make a composed approach to report any such provocation, which incorporates digital harassing as well as different sorts of lawful offenses too like following, to the nearby police. Presently this wrongdoing is a class An offense. As per this new law the demonstration of digital tormenting stays a class An offense except if 1) carried out by an individual twenty-one years old or more established against an individ ual seventeen years old or more youthful; or 2) the individual has recently perpetrated the wrongdoing of provocation (â€Å"Internet law-Missouri Governor signs digital harassing bill into law†. Web. 2008). After the instance of Megan Meier, Missouri was not by any means the only express that thought about this and made new laws so as to keep individuals from getting bugged along these lines. Under this law the guilty party is punished on the off chance that the individual in question is discovered bugging or foolishly startling an underage. Digital tormenting is a wrongdoing which is commonly dedicated by youngsters generally adolescents, and are submitted against youngsters too. The under eighteen youngsters go under the adolescent classification so are attempted all the more permissively then the grown-ups. The laws for adolescent wrongdoers are a lot

Bite-sized Reads by Literary Giants

Bite-sized Reads by Literary Giants Do you ever feel insecure about not having read the works of our greatest contemporary writers? Heres a quick fix. The brand new Vintage Minis series features the  creme  de  la  creme of the best  writers of our times, writing on the experiences that make us human. The sleek and gorgeous covers doesnt hurt either! This new series comprised of 20 pocket-sized books encompasses the whole spectrum of lifeâ€"from birth to death, and everything in between. Selected from previously published fiction and non-fiction, these books are named after specific human experiences by people who know the most about it. From Eating by Nigella Lawson to Race by Toni Morrison and Death by Julian Barnes, this collection is economical but addresses themes which are relatable, profound and make for good reads. Liberty by Virginia Woolf If you are a big Woolf fan like me, you will love this inspiring collection of essays selected from  A Room of Ones Own,  The Waves  and  Street Haunting and Other Essays. From disenfranchisement and anarchy to freedom and feminism, her writing  explores the different facets of the word liberty. Jealousy by Marcel Proust This painfully candid book Marcel Proust looks straight into the green eye of every lover’s jealous struggle. Selected from his book  In Search of Lost Time, there is no greater chronicler of jealousy’s darkest fears and destructive suspicions than Proust. Race by Toni Morrison A young black girl longing for the blue eyes of white baby dolls spirals into inferiority and confusion. A friendship falls apart over a disputed memory. An ex-slave is haunted by a lonely, rebukeful ghost, bent on bringing their past home. Strange and unexpected, yet always stirring, Morrison’s writing on race sinks us deep into the heart and mind of our troubled humanity. Desire by Haruki Murakami The five weird and wonderful tales collected here each unlock the many-tongued language of desire, whether it takes the form of hunger, lust, sudden infatuation or the secret longings of the heart. Love by Jeanette Winterson This book is a brilliant anthology  of Wintersons writing on love and her criticism on her work.  Love in all its forms has been an abiding theme of Jeanette Winterson’s writing. Here are selections from her books about that impossible, essential force we call Love. Depression by William Styron This unabridged text of Styrons bestselling  Darkness Visible:A Memoir of Madness  is a candid and gripping account of his depression. He describes an illness that reduced him from a successful writer to a man arranging his own destruction. This hopeful and edifying  book will make a healing  gift to people suffering from mental illness. Psychedelics by Aldous Huxley This is my favourite collection of the lot. In 1953, in the presence of an investigator, Aldous Huxley took four-tenths of a gramme of mescalin, sat down and waited to see what would happen. When he opened his eyes everything, from the flowers in a vase to the creases in his trousers, was transformed. Excerpted from  The Doors of Perception  this is his account of his experience, excerpted from  The Doors of Perception  and his vision for all that psychedelics could offer to mankind that has influenced writers, artists and thinkers around the world. Calm by Tim Parks How do we find calm in our frantic modern world? Tim Parks â€" lifelong sceptic of all things spiritual finds himself on a Buddhist meditation retreat trying to answer this very question. Selected from his book,  Teach us to Sit Still,  he tackles one of the great mysteries of our time â€" how to survive in this modern age. Drinking by John Cheever In each of the stories in this collection, alcohol affects the chain of events.What’s the worst another drink could do? John Cheever pours out our most sociable of vices, and hands it to us in a highball in these stories suffused with beauty, sadness, and the gathering storm of a bender well-done. Eating by Nigella Lawson From the undisputed Queen of the Kitchen comes this collection which comprises of writing from her books  How to Eat  and  Kitchen.  Nigella Lawson sets out a manifesto for how to cook (and eat) good food every day with a minimum of fuss. Home by Salman Rushdie Writing with insight, passion and humour, he looks at what it means to belong, whether roots are real and homelands imaginary, what it is like to reconfigure your past from fragments of memory and what happens when East meets West. Language by Xialu Guo This book includes text from Guos  A Concise Chinese-English Dictionary.  This is a heartwarming insight into a non-English speakers confusion, anxiety and fear after  arriving to London from China. Babies by Anne Enright Anne Enright describes the intensity, bewilderment and extravagant happiness of her experience of having babies, from the exhaustion of trimesters to first smiles and becoming acquainted with the long reaches of the night. Everyone, from parents to the mildly curious, can delight in  this funny, eloquent and unsentimental account. Fatherhood by Karl Ove Knausgaard Excerpted from    A Man in Love,  Knausgard contrasts moments of enormous love and tenderness towards his children with the boring struggles of domesticity in this deeply personal account of a father. Motherhood by Helen Simpson Motherhood : a  land of aching fatigue, constant self-sacrifice and thankless servitude, a land of bottomless devotion. These honest, sharply funny, humane stories selected from  Simpson’s short story collections  Dear George, Hey Yeah Right Get a Life  and  Constitutional  are must-reads for all mothers. Sisters by Louisa May Alcott Meg, Jo, Beth and Amy are four of the most famous sisters in literature, and these stories, selected from  Little Women  and  Good Wives  depict the joys and heartaches they share are a touching celebration of the special ties of sisterhood. Summer by Laurie Lee This book makes one nostalgic of those seemingly neverending days of boundless joy and peace.  Here is an evocation of summer like no other â€" a remote valley filled with the scent of hay, jazzing wasps, blackberries plucked and gobbled, and games played until the last drop of dusk. Lee’s joyful and stirring writing captures the very essence of England’s golden season. Swimming by Roger Deakin This is a joyful swimming tour of Britain, a frog’s-eye view of the country’s best bathing holes â€" the rivers, rock pools, lakes, ponds, lochs and sea that define a watery island. A charming, funny, and inspiring celebration of the magic of water â€" this book will indeed make you want to strip off and leap in. Work by Joseph Heller In this darkly satirical book, Joseph Heller takes us for a turn on the maddening hamster wheel of work. Heller’s workplace is a cradle of paranoia, bravado and nauseating banter, forever shadowed by that perennial question, who’s really running the show here? Death by Julian Barnes When it comes to death, is there ever a best case scenario? In this disarmingly witty book, Julian Barnes confronts our unending obsession with the end. He reflects on what it means to miss God, whether death can be good for our careers and why we eventually turn into our parents. Save Save

The American Dream By Thomas Wolfe - 1750 Words

Today, numerous individuals move to the United States of America looking for the American Dream; flexibility, uniformity, and the chance to accomplish their own objectives in life that they couldn t generally accomplish in their country. The American Dream is the quest for flourishing furthermore, opportunity that drives individuals to push their own particular points of confinement and continue on so as to lead fruitful lives and accomplish whatever objectives they set. The American Dream is a reality; each resident of the United States of America has the chance of its accomplishment regardless partialities they may face, contingent upon their steadiness and good fortune. The term The American Dream has a couple of understandings, however a standout amongst the most prominent is Life, freedom, and the quest for joy (Declaration of Independence1) which is the fantasy that most Americans make progress toward. In easier terms, The American Dream is the chance of the quest for flexibility, opportunity and fulfillment of requirements and needs. As Thomas Wolfe said, ...to each man, paying little mind to his introduction to the world, his sparkling, brilliant open door ...the privilege to live, to work, to act naturally, and to wind up whatever thing his masculinity and his vision can consolidate to make him (Wolfe2). This quote clarifies how everybody in the United States gets the privilege to satisfy this American Dream: to work as anShow MoreRelatedThe American Dream By Thomas Wolfe1556 Words   |  7 PagesEpic of America stated that the american dream is â€Å"that dream of a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone no matter what race, or religion with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement (Congress 1). It is not a dream of motor cars and high wages merely, but a dream of social order in which each man and each woman shall be able to attain to the fullest stature of which they are innately capable (Congress 1). Thomas Wolfe said, to every man, regardlessRead MoreComparing Young Goodman Brown And Child By Tiger1597 Words   |  7 Pages Comparison of â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† and â€Å"Child by Tiger† ENGL 102: Literature and Composition FALL C 2017 Jennifer Person L29216090 MLA Thesis: â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† by Nathaniel Hawthorne and â€Å"The Child by Tiger† by Thomas Wolfe are two short stories written to portray people struggle with society. Although the two stories were set in two different cultures and time periods they are similar in their religion and faith. In these two stories their belief systems are challengedRead MoreAmerican Dream Obstacles Essay1092 Words   |  5 PagesAccessibility to the Dream In America, the american dream is interpreted in millions of different ways. One American citizen dreams for millions while another hopes for contentment and a family in the future. Though its rarity is observed, every american is given an opportunity to achieve the american dream if they are devoted to doing so. The american dream is very much alive and could be awfully easy to attain. Saying that obstacles are not present when attempting to achieve the dream is absolutelyRead MoreAnalysis Of The Declaration Of Independence By Thomas Jefferson909 Words   |  4 Pagess success? In an American society, there is an idea of dream. Dream is the thing which everyone of us need to have. It is our vision. Dream is that what you want to do in future to achieve success in your life. The dream is mainly dependent on settings of one lives and one’s social status. For example, The Declaration of Independence was by Thomas Jefferson. His American Dream, was to make people free from Britishers and to be treated equally. Martin Luther King, gave a dream speech call freedomRead MoreCinderella Man American Dream1175 Words   |  5 Pagescritical step for attaining the American Dream is. To focus on the reasons someone cannot achieve something will only lead to disaster, but when someone takes the one reason why they can succeed, they do. There is no better representation of this and the American Dream than the movie Cinderella Man. It shows that no matter how bad things are, no matter how many reasons there are to lose faith in yourself, those who believe can overcome any adversities and find the â€Å"American Dream.† Cinderella Man is a storyRead MoreJohn Steinbeck s Of Mice And Men1205 Words   |  5 Pagesshining, golden opportunity †¦.the right to live, to work, to be himself, and to become whatever thing his manhood and his vision can combine to make him says the well-known writer Thomas Wolfe. Idealistically, the idea of anyone having the chance to succeed in accomplishing one’s dreams defines the grandness of the American Dream. Whether it be the pursuit of freedom and happiness, being a famous Hollywood actress, or owning a piece of land, one will face obstacles like Crooks, Curley’s Wife, and CandyRead MoreThe American Dream By Cristina Saralegui1462 Words   |  6 PagesCristina Saralegui, an American Journalist, once said, â€Å"to realize the American Dream, the most important thing to understand is that it belongs to everybody. It s a human dream. If you understand this and work very hard, it is possible†. The American Dream, although in high demand by all people of all skin colors, is an aspiration often misunderstood. It is much simpler than what people make it out to be. The American Dream is not about fame or fortune. It is defined by studying hard at nightRead MoreThe Tat: the Thematic Apperception Test Essay1506 Words   |  7 PagesRoberts and the American author Thomas Wolfe. Cecilia was one of Murray’s students and was having difficulty in a study she was conducting comparing fantasies of blind people and sighted people. She tried to get her son to tell him her fantasies but he thought it was silly until she asked him to make up a story about a picture. When Cecilia talked to Murray about the vivid imagery in the story her son told her about the picture, Murray started working on the TAT (Morgan, 2002). Thomas Wolfe’s bookRead MoreAmerican Youth in the 1960s1593 Words   |  6 Pagesnation that symbolizes acceptance and change. It has progressed into a country of equality that finds its foundation in its personal freedoms and the progressive movement of technology, politics, economics, social views, ethics and so forth since the American Revolution. It has been changing rapidly since the influx of immigrants that came here before the Revolution. The 1950s were a happy time. I Love Lucy and Leave It To Beaver were on television. The Everly Brothers, Jerry Lee Lewis, Chuck Berry andRead MoreEssay on Against the Separation of Church and State1757 Words   |  8 Pagesstatement from Thomas Jefferson has resulted in Judges who ignore the Constitution and the original intent of the First Amendment of our Founding Fathers (Bonta). The first amendment did not state that there was such a separation, but that there was a â€Å"wall of separation† which the government could not break. The misunderstood statement from Thomas Jefferson has resulted in Judges who ignore the Constitution and the original intent of the First Amendment of our Founding Fathers (Thomas Jefferson’s’

Gender Roles, Feminism, And Feminism - 855 Words

Correspondently to breaking down gender roles, feminism plays an important role in Chicana/o literature. In Lopez’s Real Women Have Curves feminism is defined in accordance to the Chicana/o community and differently from 60s and 70s white feminism that did not considered intersectionalities (Ruiz, Lecture, 4/5/16). In the play Ana tries to empower the women by preaching about the power of taking control of their bodies, sexuality, and ultimate their destiny; however Estela harshly stops her with: â€Å"Ya, ya, Norma Rae, get off and get back to work!† and is supported by Panchas’s comment â€Å"Mira, all those gringas shouting about liberation hasn t done a thing for me†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Act 1, Scene 3). This reflects of the little affect or no affect at all of the liberation movement to women of color. This scene testifies that in order to have real women liberation that would benefit all women, feminism should be take a holistic approach and take inconsideration class, race, sexually and gender. At the same time, the play is a work of women of color feminism as it deconstructs the traditional idea of beauty (white, tall and skinny women) and highlights the importance of learning to love the drown body. In Act 2, Scene 3: the women undress and stop feeling ashamed for their stretch marks or for being what society considers oversized. Real Women Have Curves raises awareness of the importance to look at feminism from a holistic and cultural relativism approach without ignoring women of colorShow MoreRelatedFeminism And Gender Roles Importance1632 Words   |  7 PagesFeminism and Gender Roles Importance Involved in Identity in Characters Gender is one of the biggest ways we judge someone in our world today. Being a girl is typically a sign of being weak, powerless, and not as important. If a man was called a girl, it means they are being childish, or stupid about a certain situation. On the reverse, being a man comes with many expectations of power and strength as well as just being the bigger, better person. They say boys learn how to be a man from none otherRead MoreRepressed Feminism And Gender Roles934 Words   |  4 PagesInitially when I read this story I thought it was about a wife that was literally going crazy in her own house. But once I read it a second time, I discovered the underlying themes of suppressed feminism and gender roles. In one of the opening lines the narrator mentions how she doesn’t have a voice and her husband made diagnoses without really even listening to how she was feeling. The narrator tried to explain to her illness to her family, but since her husband who is also her physic ian, reassuredRead MoreModern Day Feminism And Gender Roles Essay1221 Words   |  5 PagesFeminist of today are considered third-wave feminists, which focus on abolishing gender roles through the actions of assertiveness, power and control of their own sexuality. At first glance, Games of Thrones appears to be nothing more than mansanstic fantasy. Everywhere in the show women are hypersexualized and casted into their predisposed gender roles. In the first season every episode follows this trends, of men holding all the power in society and women being objects. Women were only presentedRead MoreFeminism And Gender Roles By Margaret Atwood1518 Words   |  7 Pagesnumerous portrayals of feminism and gender roles. There are underlying hints of distaste towards the female sex role and the predatory, aggressive behaviour of men towards women. The suppression of women is portrayed and analyzed, and Surfacing manages to tackle the theme of gender roles by exploring through the perspecti ve of the female narrator how women are marginalized in many aspects of their lives. . Surfacing makes a case for strong women that defy stereotypical gender roles and portrays how menRead MoreGender Roles And Issues Regarding Feminisms And Masculinity939 Words   |  4 PagesGender in Popular Culture Gender is very crucial element in the American popular culture. What comes in mind when we talk about gender in the American popular culture so many questions go through the mind. The questions will go back to the gender roles and issues concerning feminisms and masculinity. One may question any advantage of being a male to a female because this is where stereotypes are arising especially in the American popular culture. Many scholars have written on gender and culture;Read More To Kill A Mockingbird Essay: Gender Roles and Feminism1324 Words   |  6 PagesGender Roles and Feminism in To Kill a Mockingbird When the novel, To Kill a Mockingbird, was written by Harper Lee, the Southern United States was still clinging tightly to traditional values. Southern societies pressured men to behave as gentlemen, and women were expected to be polite and wear dresses. These stringent gender roles were adhered to in small southern towns because they were isolated from the more progressive attitudes in other areas of the United States. Harper Lee documentsRead MoreFeminism, Gender Roles : Madame Bovary, By Gustave Flaubert1876 Words   |  8 PagesINTRO TO CONCEPT OF FEMINISM, GENDER ROLES Madame Bovary, by Gustave Flaubert, was one of the most significant novels during the period of the French Revolution. This work of art was one of the most provoking of its time due to its unromantic nature, which was very eccentric compared to his contemporaries. Instead of centering this literary work on romanticism, Flaubert depicted adultery and literary theories such as feminism. These aspects of literature were not common in France, and were tabooRead MorePost-Colonial Female Gender Roles and Feminism in Haiti1637 Words   |  7 Pagessuch as the color of your skin, the amount of money or property you own, where you were born, or your gender. Gender roles and marginalization have existed in Haiti existed since the era of slavery and the issues have persisted throughout the country’s post-revolutionary history. In more recent history, there have been more Haitian women who have become politically active and a Haitian feminism movement has emerged. In this paper, I wi ll explore the various ways in which Haitian women have beenRead MoreAnalysis of Gender Roles and Feminism through an Episode of the Big Bang Theory1828 Words   |  8 Pagesdifferent when men and women define and evaluate gender identities and behaviors. Secondly, men and women will exhibit different personal characteristics in terms of various social status, occupations, personal ideologies, gender superiorities, etc. Thirdly, the social ideologies manifested by outside world and the subjective ideologies formed by people themselves have complicated differences as well, in such a social environment, various gender ideologies mutually interacted and linked, thereforeRead MoreHow William Shakespeare And Carol Ann Duffys Subverting The Gender Roles Of Gender And Feminism1430 Words   |  6 PagesWilliam Shakespeare and Carol Ann Duffy subvert traditional roles of gender and sexuality in â€Å"From Mrs Tiresias† and â€Å"Sonnet 20†? Both Carol Ann Duffy in â€Å"From Mrs Tiresias† and William Shakespeare in â€Å"Sonnet 20† subvert male gender roles by presenting the male protagonists with physical female traits. Both poets differ in their presentation of traditional gender roles and sexuality. In â€Å"From Mrs Tiresias†, Carol Ann Duffy subverts the gender role of men as strong masculine men, playing on the modern

Role of Women in Pakistan Free Essays

Women in Pakistan were initially thought to play the traditional role of being housewives. However with changing times, the Pakistani society has also evolved. Women have a much significant role to play in the society rather than serving their husbands at home. We will write a custom essay sample on Role of Women in Pakistan or any similar topic only for you Order Now During this time of economic crisis when men are suffering from unemployment and lower wages, households require all members of the family to work and add to the family income. So the wives have to go out and work so that they could earn enough to give their families a sufficient standard of living. Women belonging to the lower income group and rural class have since independence played the role of family earners. They have served in households by rendering their services such as that of cooks, servants, cleaners, etc. While the lower class women worked all day to earn two meals per day for their families, women of the middle class were supposed to stay at home and take care of the people living in their homes. However when the world entered the 21st century the position of women in the country transpired. More women were allowed to acquire higher education and then work in the corporate world to earn for themselves and their families. Women in Pakistan now form a relatively greater part of Pakistan’s working population and their contribution to the country’s economy has ever since been increasing. However men still dominate all the higher posts in private and public offices, the trend is now changing as women are being encouraged by being awarded with promotions for their high quality of work. The mindset of the people in the rural class is also changing, there is greater awareness regarding the importance of education for both boys and girls and there has been an increase in the enrollment of lower income class girls in primary and secondary schools. Almost all of the women belonging to the middle class families have now started acquiring higher education. The trend of getting girls married as soon as they enter their 20s is slowly diminishing because today’s men only want to marry women who have acquired a substantial level of education. Women in Pakistan also have a major role to play as housewives and mothers. They are the ones responsible for the upbringing of their children. Since women have now become educated they can teach their children the values and etiquettes of life. Not only that, women could now teach their own children at home after they come back from school. Previously families had to spend excessive amounts of their income to send their children for tuitions because the mothers were not educated enough to guide their children academically but now with most mothers being educated they could sit with their children and help them with their homework. Although there is greater acceptability for women in Pakistan’s society, they are still victims of discrimination. The gender stereotypes which have existed in the society for years still continue to be a barrier for women’s progress in the country. How to cite Role of Women in Pakistan, Papers

The Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man Essay Example

The Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man Essay The indefinite status accorded James Weldon Johnsons The Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man (1912) is, to a great extent, attributable to its standing as the first fictional text written by an African American that deliberately masks its genre. The confessional frame is a guise, self-consciously employed by Johnson to authenticate the main characters story, strategically to give the text the appearance of an autobiography. From the onset, the narrative co-mingles genres; like its racially hybrid narrator, the text itself is a kind of narrative message. Moreover, Johnson represents a fictional anti-hero, a black man who chooses to pass for a white man who need not negotiate the hardships of race relations in America. As a consequence, The Autobiography is a thematic departure from its autobiographical predecessors, Booker T. Washingtons â€Å"Up from Slavery† (1901) and W. E. B. Du Boiss â€Å"The Souls of Black Folk† (1903). It also departs from traditional narrative representations of passing such as those found in the late 19th-century novels of Frances Harper and Charles Chesnutt. Still, Johnson was a publicly acclaimed race man. The intrigue of his formal variations is that he knowingly wrote such hybrid anathema in the highly charged racial climate of a rabidly Jim Crow era. The narrative line of The Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man, then, as a result of what might be considered the works contending forces, operates along several discursive lines, including a false fictional representation of the narrator, Johnsons own political reflections and theories and signifying riffs on conventions from the books literary ancestors. We will write a custom essay sample on The Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Themes such as black uplift, racial pride, and social responsibilityborrowed from antedating black autobiographical and fictional worksclash with the ideological position that the narrator must espouse to justify his own politically charged identity choices. The Autobiographys manifold positions create a writerly tension that is inherent and identifiable in the text, a tension that serves, finally, to undermine the integrity of the first-person narrative voice. Clearly, Johnsons ability to conjure and craft his anti-heroic protagonist is thwarted by historical circumstances surrounding his writing and by his own political sensibilities. The socio-historical circumstances framing Johnsons act of writing, principally the struggle for black enfranchisement, plainly conflict with the narrators portraiture. Although conventions of form would seem predisposed to a close subjective connection between the author and the narrator, the narrative occasion of Johnsons endeavor is such that the views upheld by the narrator are often radically divergent from those of his creator. Johnson, then, is writing out of what Houston A. Baker, Jr. , in Turning South Again (2001), has termed a tight place: Tight places are constituted by the necessity to articulate from a position that combines specters of humiliation (slavery), multiple subjects and signifiers, figurative obligations of race in America (to speak Negro or for Negroes†), and patent sex and gender implications. At the center of Bakers theoretical formulations is the notion that the black male subject at the turn into the twentieth century is always already framed in relation to the dominant white social structure and thus affirms, subverts, or at least navigates through a social arrangement marked by domination and defeat, the white publics network of opinions and desires, and the always undecided cultural compromises of occupancy and desire: Who moves? Who doesnt? still, the early 20th-century textual black subject is also located within what Claudia Tate describes as a firmly entrenched black male heroic liberation dialogue, the contours of which shape another kind of tight space, one in which there tacitly exist agreed upon rules governing black male subjectivity and its literary representation within the black public sphere. We might say, then, that Johnson writes out of a doubly determined tight space. The aforementioned withstanding, it is curious that Johnson would embark upon the n arrative experiment that is The Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man in such a vexed environment. Why did he engage such risky genre crossing business at precisely what the black historian Rayford Logan calls the lowest point of Jim Crow racism in America? Passing for White, Passing for Man, the impetus fueling Johnsons narrative experiment seems clearer if one summons to view the African American male writerly tradition. In his own autobiography â€Å"Along This Way, Johnson maintains that he expected that the title The Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man would immediately reveal the works ironic inflections and unspoken relationship to prevailing discourses on black male subjectivity. He writes: When I chose the title, it was without the slightest doubt that its meaning would be perfectly clear to anyone. Although Johnsons ironic title borders on satire, the discursive subversion marked by satire is meaningless without a clear contextualization of the black male literary enterprise upon which satire would, as it were, signify. The scholar William Andrews has provided the most astute account available of this enterprise. He asserts that in the African American novel, at the turn into the twentieth century, the leading characters almost always have a choice between self-interest and self-sacrifice in the name of uplifting the race. Generally, the choice is in favor of the latter. Johnsons text reverses the norms of the dilemma described by Andrews. His narrator chooses self-interest. As such, while other works reveal the heros growing racial awareness, Johnsons Autobiography plots the anti-heros movement toward racial disengagement. In brief, Johnsons representation of the first-person narrator invokes the myth of the heroic black malethen inverts it. Within the context of an already established African American male protest tradition that links the proud display of masculinity with the struggle for racial justice, Johnsons narrator invites criticism as a failed race man and a failed man, for he has chosen to passa choice that symbolizes synonymous rejection of both social equality and masculine pride. To locate The Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man vis-a-vis the thematic and formal expectations framing its production, it is useful to elaborate Tates formulation of the black heroic liberation discursive project. Even before Du Bois theorized the emasculation of black men as an ease of slavery, speaking as he did of the red stain of â€Å"bastardy, and the twin evils of segregation and poverty, Frederick Douglass had already discursively connected racial oppression and black emasculation. His famous statement, You have seen how a man was made a slave; you shall see how a slave was made a man, at once fore-grounded both the emasculating character of slavery and its reversal. Douglasss assertion of physical strength and defiance in which he throttles the slave breaker Covey, the man to whom he has been hired out to be broken, revived within [him] a sense of [his] own manhood. Black manhood is reconstituted by way of physical encounter, transmuting Douglass from a slave in fact to a slave in form alone. Du Boiss The Souls of Black Folk later yokes masculinity and racial responsibility, placing these constructs in dialectical relation to material acquisition and rugged individualism. Du Bois, speaking directly against Booker T. Washingtonian strategies for social change, says: If we make money the object of man-training, we shall develop money-makers but not necessarily men; if we make technical skill the object of our education, we may possess artisans but not, in nature, men. Men we shall have only as we make manhood the object of the work of the schools this is the curriculum of that Higher Education which must underlie true life. James Weldon Johnsons only novel, The Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man, charts the restless movement of a light-skinned man across boundaries of race, class, and region in turn-of-the-century America. Johnson (1871–1938) began writing what would be his most famous work in 1905, at a moment marked by his own restlessness. Only five years earlier, Johnson had joined his brother, J. Rosamond Johnson, in New York City to write song lyrics for musical theater, leaving behind his relatively settled life in Jacksonville, Florida, as a high school principal and newspaper editor who had recently passed the state bar and was engaged to be married. The Johnsons, along with their partner Bob Cole, quickly became the most successful African American songwriting team in musical theater. But while Johnson enjoyed this success, and the influence it brought, he soon found himself craving escape and a little stillness of the spirit, as he put it in his memoir, Along This Way: The Autobiography of James Weldon Johnson (p. 223). He enrolled in literature classes at Columbia, began writing poetry and what would become his novel, and cultivated his connections in politics. With the help of Booker T. Washington, he was appointed U. S. consul in Venezuela (1906) and Nicaragua (1909–1913), and at the latter post, he wrote the bulk of The Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man and saw it published, anonymously, by the small Boston house of Sherman, French and Company in 1912. As its title suggests, The Autobiography is a first-person account of the life of a man who has disavowed his blackness, offering its readers a perspective on American race relations from one who has lived on both sides of the color line. With its authors name withheld, the works first reviewers generally took the claims of its preface, attributed to the publishers though probably written by Johnson himself, at face value: this was a work of sociological interest, offering the (presumed white) reader an authentic view of the inner life of the Negro in America (p. xl). Several black critics saw through its nonfictional guise (Jessie Fauset in The Crisis, for example, suggested it was fiction based on fact), and some southern white reviewers insisted it was fiction on the basis that a black man could never actually pass as white.